Abstract

As the demand for electrical energy continues to grow, the limitations of fossil fuel reserves, the risks associated with nuclear energy, climate change, and the need for energy independence have all underscored the importance of distributed electricity generation from renewable sources. This is a key factor in achieving sustainable development.

In line with this, the European Union has recognized the necessity for local communities to achieve sustainable economic and ecological development. Consequently, the EU supports the development of smart grids and their essential components—microgrids. One of the primary challenges of renewable energy sources (RES) is their variability, which complicates the regulation of power systems. This issue is prevalent both at local levels (production, storage, and consumption) and within the broader power system.

The problem intensifies as the share of RES in total energy production increases. To address this, a coordinated and dynamic planning approach for production, storage, and consumption is necessary. By connecting RES, energy storage systems, and consumers into a microenergy system, known as a microgrid, it is possible to manage energy flows effectively. This approach considers forecasts of energy source availability and aims to optimize the microgrid's operation based on technical and economic criteria. The project aims to develop predictive systems and optimal management strategies to facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources locally. It also seeks to enhance their integration at a global level through suitable connections to larger systems.

The project includes four research teams with essential and complementary expertise:

• Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Zagreb (FER),
• Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture Zagreb (FSB),
• Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (DHMZ)
• KONČAR – Electrical Engineering Institute (Institute).

In developed countries, over 90% of electricity is consumed in homes, buildings, and industries. To realize the full benefits of smart grids—including reduced electricity consumption and losses, the integration of renewable energy sources and storage, reduced fossil fuel use, and improved grid reliability—greater attention must be given to end-use sectors.

Leveraging the complementary skills and expertise of the project partners, this program will contribute to the reliable and optimal operation of renewable energy sources connected in a microgrid. Additionally, it marks a significant step toward establishing a centre of excellence for decentralized and distributed renewable electricity generation, furthering the development of smart grids and smart cities.